Track de competición
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French organisers adapted the race into metric adding 28 cm and the basics of this race, the men's metres hurdles , has changed little. The modern regulations stem from the Summer Olympics : the distance was fixed to m while ten 3-foot The most common events are the metres hurdles for women, m hurdles for men and m hurdles for both sexes.
The men's m has been featured at every modern Summer Olympics while the men's m was introduced in the second edition of the Games. This was extended to the m hurdles at the Olympics, [61] but it was not until that a women's m hurdles event took place at the Olympics having been introduced at the World Championships in Athletics the previous year.
The metres hurdles is run in some levels of American competition. Outside of the hurdles events, the steeplechase race is the other track and field event with obstacles. Just as the hurdling events, the steeplechase finds its origin in student competition in Oxford, England.
However, this event was born as a human variation on the original steeplechase competition found in horse racing. A steeplechase event was held on a track for the English championships and the Summer Olympics featured men's m and m steeplechase races.
The event was held over various distances until the Summer Olympics marked the rise of the metres steeplechase as the standard event. The long jump is one of the oldest track and field events, having its roots as one of the events within the ancient Greek pentathlon contest.
The athletes would take a short run up and jump into an area of dug up earth, with the winner being the one who jumped farthest. Athletes sprint along a length of track that leads to a jumping board and a sandpit.
The athletics competition at the first Olympics featured a men's long jump competition and a women's competition was introduced at the Summer Olympics. However, athletes must also have a consistent stride to allow them to take off near the board while still maintaining their maximum speed.
A men's version of this event featured on the Olympic programme from to Similar to the long jump, the triple jump takes place on a track heading towards a sandpit. Originally, athletes would hop on the same leg twice before jumping into the pit, but this was changed to the current "hop, step and jump" pattern from onwards.
Miller believe this is incorrect, suggesting that the belief stems from a mythologised account of Phayllus of Croton having jumped 55 ancient feet around The men's triple jump competition has been ever-present at the modern Olympics, but it was not until that a women's version gained World Championship status and went on to have its first Olympic appearance three years later.
The current women's world record is The first recorded instances of high jumping competitions were in Scotland in the 19th century. Jumping technique has played a significant part in the history of the event. High jumpers typically cleared the bar feet first in the late 19th century, using either the Scissors , Eastern cut-off or Western roll technique.
The straddle technique became prominent in the midth century, but Dick Fosbury overturned tradition by pioneering a backwards and head-first technique in the late s — the Fosbury Flop — which won him the gold at the Olympics.
This technique has become the overwhelming standard for the sport from the s onwards. In terms of sport, the use of poles for vaulting distances was recorded in Fierljeppen contests in the Frisian area of Europe, and vaulting for height was seen at gymnastics competitions in Germany in the s.
The rules required that athletes do not move their hands along the pole and athletes began clearing the bar with their feet first and twisting so that the stomach faces the bar. Bamboo poles were introduced in the 20th century and a metal box in the runway for planting the pole became standard.
Landing mattresses were introduced in the midth century to protect the athletes who were clearing increasingly greater heights. The modern event sees athletes run down a strip of track, plant the pole in the metal box, and vault over the horizontal bar before letting go of the pole and falling backwards onto the landing mattress.
The first women's Olympic pole vaulting competition occurred in Track and field contains some of the foremost kinds of throwing sports , and the four major disciplines are the only pure throwing events to feature at the Olympic Games.
The genesis of the shot put can be traced to pre-historic competitions with rocks: [84] in the Middle ages the stone put was known in Scotland and the steinstossen was recorded in Switzerland. In the 17th century, cannonball throwing competitions within the English military provided a precursor to the modern sport.
This was amended to a circle area with a seven-foot diameter in , and the weight of the shot was standardised to 16 pounds 7. Throwing technique was also refined over this period, with bent arm throws being banned as they were deemed too dangerous and the side-step and throw technique arising in the United States in The shot put has been an Olympic sport for men since and a women's competition using a 4 kg 8.
Further throwing techniques have arisen since the post-war era: in the s Parry O'Brien popularised the degree turn and throw technique commonly known as the "glide", breaking the world record 17 times along the way, while Aleksandr Baryshnikov and Brian Oldfield introduced the "spin" or rotational technique in In the discus throw , athletes compete to throw a heavy disc the farthest.
In standard competitions, athletes throw the disc from a set circular arc and take turns in a series of throw, with the singular best effort deciding the victor.
As one of the events within the ancient pentathlon, the history of the discus throw dates back to BC. By the Olympics, the ancient standing throw style had fallen into disuse and contests starting within a 2.
As an implement of war and hunting, the javelin throw began in prehistoric times. Records from BC show two javelin competition types co-existing: throwing at a target and throwing the javelin for distance.
It was the latter type from which the modern event derives. The runway measures at a minimum of 30m in length, and is covered with the same surface as the track. The first Olympic men's javelin throw contest was held in and a women's competition was introduced in Rough-tailed designs were banned in and all marks achieved with such javelins were removed from the record books.
The women's javelin underwent a similar redesign in The earliest recorded precursors to the modern hammer throw stem from the Tailteann Games of ancient Ireland, which featured events such as throwing either a weight attached to a rope, a large rock on a wooden handle, or even a chariot wheel on a wooden axle.
The weight of the metal ball was set at 16 pounds 7. The men's hammer throw became an Olympic event in but the women's event — using a 4 kg 8. However, qualities such as refined technique, speed and flexibility have become increasingly important in the modern era as the legal throwing area has been reduced from 90 to Combined or multi-discipline events are competitions in which athletes participate in a number of track and field events, earning points for their performance in each event, which adds to a total points score.
Outdoors, the most common combined events are the men's decathlon ten events and the women's heptathlon seven events. Due to stadium limitations, indoor combined events competition have a reduced number of events, resulting in the men's heptathlon and the women's pentathlon.
Athletes are allocated points based on an international-standard points scoring system, such as the decathlon scoring table. The Ancient Olympic pentathlon comprising long jump , javelin, discus, the stadion race and wrestling was a precursor to the track and field combined events and this ancient event was restored at the Summer Olympics Intercalated Games.
A men's all-around was held at the Summer Olympics , contested between five American and two British athletes.
The term track and field is intertwined with the stadiums that first hosted such competitions. The two basic features of a track and field stadium are the outer oval-shaped running track and an area of turf within this track—the field.
In earlier competitions, track lengths varied: the Panathinaiko Stadium measured As the sport developed, the IAAF standardised the length to m and stated that the tracks must be split into six to eight running lanes.
Precise widths for the lanes were established, as were regulations regarding the curvature of the track. Tracks made of flattened cinders were popular in the early 20th century but synthetic tracks became standard in the late s.
Many track and field stadiums are multi-purpose stadiums , with the running track surrounding a field built for other sports, such as the various types of football. The field of the stadium combines a number of elements for use in the jumping and throwing events.
The long jump and triple jump areas comprise a straight, narrow metre running track with a sandpit at one or both ends. Jumps are measured from a take off board—typically a small strip of wood with a plasticine marker attached—which ensures athletes jump from behind the measurement line.
The pole vault area is also a metre running track and has an indentation in the ground the box where vaulters plant their poles to propel themselves over a crossbar before falling onto cushioned landing mats. The high jump is a stripped-down version of this, with an open area of track or field that leads to a crossbar with a square area of landing mats behind it.
The four throwing events generally all begin on one side of the stadium. The javelin throw typically takes place on a piece of track that is central and parallel to the straights of the main running track.
The javelin throwing area is a sector shape frequently across the Pitch sports field in the middle of the stadium, ensuring that the javelin has a minimal chance of causing damage or injury. The discus throw and hammer throw contests begin in a tall metal cage usually situated in one of the corners of the field.
The cage reduces the danger of implements being thrown out of the field of play and throws travel diagonally across the field in the centre of the stadium. The shot put features a circular throwing area with a toe board at one end.
The throwing area is a sector. Some stadia also have a water jump area on one side of the field specifically for steeplechase races. Basic indoor venues may be adapted gymnasiums , which can easily accommodate high jump competitions and short track events.
Full-size indoor arenas i. those fully equipped to host all events for the World Indoor Championships bear similarities with their outdoor equivalents.
Typically, a central area is surrounded by a metre oval track with four to eight lanes. The track can be banked at the turns to allow athletes to run around the radius more comfortably.
Some have a second running track going straight across the field area, parallel to the straights of the main circuit. This track is used for the 60 metres and 60 metres hurdles events, which are held almost exclusively indoors. Another common adaptation in the United States is a yard track 11 laps to a mile; m that fits into a common basketball court -sized arena.
This was quite popular when races were held at imperial distances, which gradually was phased out by different organizations in the s and s.
Examples of this configuration include the Millrose Games at Madison Square Garden , and the Sunkist Invitational formerly held in the Los Angeles Sports Arena. All four of the common jumping events are held at indoor venues. The long and triple jump areas run alongside the central 60 m track and are mostly identical in form to their outdoor counterparts.
The pole vault track and landing area are also alongside the central running track. Shot put and weight throw are the only throwing events held indoors due to size restrictions.
The throwing area is similar to the outdoor event, but the landing sector is a rectangular section surrounded by netting or a stop barrier. In addition to hosting the World Indoor Championships, the IAAF has hosted the IAAF World Indoor Tour since In May , World Athletics announced they were renaming "indoor track" and "indoor athletics" to "short track", effectively expanding the "indoor track" category to allow for the theoretical possibility of an outdoor meter-track being used for valid "indoor" qualification marks.
The change took effect at the beginning of Various events have been discontinued from the World Athletics Indoor Championships, including m and racewalking. Some race distance events have been held in world tour IAAF World Indoor Tour and IAAF Indoor Permit Meetings in or later events, including at Aviva Indoor Grand Prix and the Russian Winter Meeting , but never at the world championships, including:.
The rules of track events in athletics as observed in most international athletics competitions are set by the Competition Rules of the International Association of Athletics Federations IAAF. The most recent complete set of rules is the rules that relate only to competitions in Current World Athletics WA Rules are available on WA's website [1].
Current USATF USA Competition Rules booklet is available on the USATF website [2]. Prior USATF Competition Rules booklets are also available , to [3]. The start of a race is marked by a white line 5 cm wide. In all races that are not run in lanes the start line must be curved, so that all the athletes start the same distance from the finish.
No part of the starting block may overlap the start line or extend into another lane. All races must be started by the report of the starter's gun or approved starting apparatus fired upwards after they have ascertained that athletes are steady and in the correct starting position.
For sprint races up to m, the starter gives two commands: "on your marks" to instruct athletes to approach the start line, followed by "set" to advise the athletes that the start of the race is imminent. The commands of the starter are typically given in the native language in national competitions, or in English or French in international competitions.
Once all athletes are set in their starting position, the gun or an approved starting apparatus must be fired or activated. If the starter is not satisfied that all are ready to proceed, the athletes may be called out of the blocks and the process started over.
There are different types of starts for races of different distances. Middle- and long-distance races mainly use the waterfall start. This is when all athletes begin on a curved line that moves farther out at the outer edge of the track. Competitors are allowed to move towards the inside lane right away, as long as it is safe to do so.
For some middle-distance races, such as m, each athlete starts in their own lane. Once the gun fires, they must run in the lane they began in until they reach a set of cones on the track that signal that they can cut in and move towards the inside lane.
For sprint races, athletes begin in start blocks and must stay in their own lane for the entire race. An athlete, after assuming a final set position, may not commence his starting motion until after receiving the report of the gun, or approved starting apparatus.
If, in the judgment of the starter or recallers, he does so any earlier, it is considered a false start. It is deemed a false start if, in the judgment of the starter an athlete fails to comply with the commands "on your marks" or "set" as appropriate after a reasonable time; or an athlete after the command "on your marks" disturbs other athletes in the race through sound or otherwise.
If the runner is in the "set" position and moves, then the runner is also disqualified. In International elite competition, electronically tethered starting blocks sense the reaction time of the athletes. If the athlete reacts in less than 0. For sprinting events, except the 4 × m relay and the indoor metres, each athlete must run the race within their allocated lane from start to finish.
If an athlete leaves their lane or steps on the line demarking each lane the athlete will be disqualified. Lane rules also apply for initial periods of other track races, for example, the beginning of the m.
Similar rules apply for longer distance races when a large field of athletes is present and separate starting points are designated, with the field merging into one group shortly after the starting phase. Any athlete who jostles or obstructs another athlete, in a way that impedes his progress, should be disqualified from that event.
However, if an athlete is pushed or forced by another person to run outside his lane, and if no material advantage is gained, the athlete should not be disqualified. The finish of a race is marked by a white line 5 cm wide. Fully automatic timing FAT is required for high level meets and any time a sprint record is set though distance records can be accepted if timed by three independent stopwatches.
With the accuracy of the timing systems, ties are rare. Ties between different athletes are resolved as follows: In determining whether there has been a tie in any round for a qualifying position for the next round based on time, a judge called the chief photo finish judge must consider the actual time recorded by the athletes to one thousandth of a second.
If the judge decides that there has been a tie, the tying athletes must be placed in the next round or, if that is not practicable, lots must be drawn to determine who must be placed in the next round. In the case of a tie for first place in any final, the referee decides whether it is practicable to arrange for the athletes so tying to compete again.
If he decides it is not, the result stands. Ties in other placings remain. In general, most field events allow a competitor to take their attempt individually, under theoretically the same conditions as the other competitors in the competition.
Each attempt is measured to determine who achieved the greatest distance. Vertical jumps high jump and pole vault set a bar at a particular height. The competitor must clear the bar without knocking it off the standards that are holding the bar flat.
Three failures in a row ends the competitor's participation in the event. The competitor has the option to PASS their attempt, which can be used to strategic advantage of course that advantage is lost if the competitor misses.
A pass could be used to save energy and avoid taking a jump that would not improve their position in the standings. After all competitors have either cleared, passed or failed their attempts at a height, the bar goes up.
The amount the bar goes up is predetermined before the competition, though when one competitor remains, that competitor may choose their own heights for the remaining attempts.
A record is kept of each attempt by each competitor. After all competitors have taken their attempts, the one jumping the highest is the winner, and so on down the other competitors in the event. Ties are broken by first, the number of attempts taken at the highest height fewest wins , and then if still tied, by the total number of misses in the competition as a whole.
The bar does not go back to a lower height except to break a tie for first place or a qualifying position. If those critical positions are still tied after applying the tiebreakers, all tied competitors take a fourth jump at the last height. If they still miss, the bar goes down one increment where they again jump.
This process continues until the tie is broken. Horizontal jumps long jump and triple jump and all throws must be initiated behind a line.
In the case of horizontal jumps, that line is a straight line perpendicular to the runway. In the case of throws, that line is an arc or a circle. Crossing the line while initiating the attempt invalidates the attempt—it becomes a foul.
All landings must occur in a sector. For the jumps, that is a sand filled pit, for throws it is a defined sector. A throw landing on the line on the edge of sector is a foul the inside edge of the line is the outside edge of the sector. Assuming a proper attempt, officials measure the distance from the closest landing point back to the line.
The measuring tape is carefully straightened to the shortest distance between the point and the line. To accomplish this, the tape must be perfectly perpendicular to the take off line in jumps, or is pulled through the center point of the arc for throws. The officials at the landing end of the tape have the zero, while the officials at the point of initiation measure and record the length.
Whenever a record or potential record occurs, that measurement is taken again with a steel tape, and observed by at least three officials plus usually the meet referee. Steel tapes are easily bent and damaged, so are not used to measure everyday competitions. For major competitions, each competitor gets three tries.
The top competitors usually 8 or 9 depending on that competition's rules or the number of lanes on the track gets three more tries. At that level of competition, the order of competitors for those final three attempts are set—so the competitor in first place at the end of the third round is last, while the last competitor to qualify goes first.
Some meets rearrange the competition order again for the final round, so the final attempt is taken by the leader at that point. At other competitions, meet management may choose to limit all competitors to four or three attempts.
Whatever the format, all competitors get an equal number of attempts. Track and Field athles wear special shoes with spikes, known as track spikes or simply spikes. Men and women have different weights for their throwing implements — men's javelin is grams compared to for women, men's weight throw is 35 pounds compared to 20 for women, men's discus is 2 kilograms to women's 1, men's shot put is 16 pounds compared to 8 pounds for women, and men's hammer throw is also 16 pounds to the women's 8.
Additionally, men's high hurdles are at height of 42 inches compared to women's hurdles which are 33 inches. For the intermediate hurdles meter hurdles , the men's hurdle height is 36 inches compared to 30 inches for women.
The international governance of track and field falls under the jurisdiction of athletics organisations. World Athletics is the global governing body for track and field, and athletics as a whole. The governance of track and field at continental and national level is also done by athletics bodies.
The major global track and field competitions are both held under the scope of athletics. Track and field contests make up the majority of events on the Olympic and Paralympic athletics programmes, which occur every four years.
Track and field events have held a prominent position at the Summer Olympics since its inception in , [] and the events are typically held in the main stadium of the Olympic and Paralympic Games.
Events such as the metres receive some of the highest levels of media coverage of any Olympic or Paralympic sporting event. The other two major international competition for track and field are organised by the IAAF. The IAAF had selected the Olympic competition as its world championship event in , but a separate world championships for athletics alone was first held in — the IAAF World Championships in Athletics.
The championships comprised track and field competitions plus the marathon and racewalking competitions. Initially, this worked on a quadrennial basis but, after , it changed to a biennial format. In terms of indoor track and field, the IAAF World Indoor Championships has been held every two years since and this is the only world championships that consists of solely track and field events.
Similar to the event programmes at the Olympics, Paralympics and World Championships, track and field forms a significant part of continental championships. The South American Championships in Athletics , created in , [] was the first continental championships and the European Athletics Championships became the second championships of this type in There are also indoor continental competitions in Europe European Athletics Indoor Championships and Asia Asian Indoor Athletics Championships.
There has not been a consistent championships for all of North America, which may be in part due to the success of both the Central American and Caribbean Championships and the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships.
Most countries have a national championship in track and field and, for athletes, these often play a role in gaining selection into major competitions. Some countries hold many track and field championships at high school and college -level, which help develop younger athletes.
Some of these have gained significant exposure and prestige, such as the NCAA Track and Field Championship in the United States and the Jamaican High School Championships. Mirroring the role that track and field events have at the Summer Olympics and Paralympics, the sport is featured within the athletics programmes of many major multi-sport events.
Among some of the first of these events to follow the Olympic-style model were the World University Games in , the Commonwealth Games in , and the Maccabiah Games in Typically, track and field events are hosted at the main stadium of the games. After the Olympic and Paralympic Games, the most prominent events for track and field athletes include the three IOC-sanctioned continental games: the All-Africa Games , Asian Games , and the Pan American Games.
Other games such as the Commonwealth Games and Summer Universiade , and World Masters Games have significant participation from track and field athletes. FREE Tuition Available. FREE Refreshments. No Hidden Fees. Member of ATDO.
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